中-英农机双语课堂| 对可持续农业有特殊影响的三个领域

客户信心consumer confidence，土壤压实soil compaction，履带拖拉机Tracked tractor，NIR (NEAR infra-red)近红外，氮nitrogen，磷phosphorus，钾potassium。以上单词对您阅读下文可能有帮助。 

在约翰迪尔最近举行的首届可持续发展日上，农民、顾问和专家们讨论了农业机械行业如何有助于在经济和生态之间找到更好的平衡。特别是，数字解决方案可以减少对环境的影响，帮助农民在减少使用矿物肥料、农用化学品和燃料的情况下实现相同甚至更高的产量。 

约翰迪尔表示，农民将成为气候节约者，并补充说：“数字化是使农业更加可持续的关键因素。它还通过增强文档记录提供了更好的透明度。这样，农民就能重拾消费信心。”

约翰迪尔确定了对农业可持续性具有特殊影响的三个领域： 

Soil protection – protecting the soil with modern design concepts;

土壤保护—用现代设计理念保护土壤

Fertilisation – using digital nutrient measurement to upgrade manure and slurry as a valuable organic fertiliser;

施肥—利用数字营养测量，将粪便和泥浆升级为有价值的有机肥料

Crop protection – reducing the use of agrochemicals by more precise applications. 

植保—通过更精确的应用减少农用化学品的使用

Increased soil protection

加强土壤保护 

Soil protection is mainly about using larger machinery footprints, which helps to avoid damaging soil compaction. This ensures greater soil fertility while increasing porosity and the soil’s capacity to store more nutrients and water.

土壤保护主要是使用更大的机械-土地接触面积，有助于避免造成土壤压实。这确保了更高的土壤肥力，同时增加了孔隙度和土壤储存更多养分和水分的能力。 

In recent years, tractors have undoubtedly become heavier. Nevertheless, soil compaction has steadily decreased due to the use of larger tyres and the ability to work with low inflation pressures. For example, a modern 22-tonne tractor only puts a pressure of 0.6kg/cm2 on the ground, while a 3-tonne 75hp tractor built in the 1970s applies much more weight, at 1.5kg/cm2.

近年来，拖拉机无疑变得更重了。然而，由于使用了更大的轮胎以及能够在低充气压力下工作，土壤压实度稳步下降。例如，一台22吨的现代拖拉机只对地面造成0.6 kg/cm2(Mpa)的压力，一台建于20世纪70年代的3吨75马力拖拉机的重量要大得多，达到1.5 kg/cm2(Mpa).

Tracked tractors are even gentler on the soil. A larger footprint also means less track depth, which reduces compaction in the deeper soil layers and reduces roll resistance.

履带式拖拉机在土壤上更为温和。更大的足迹也意味着更少的轨道深度，这减少了深层土壤的压实度，降低了滚动阻力。 

Less roll resistance means lower fuel consumption and therefore fewer CO2 emissions. Tests have shown that fuel consumption can be reduced in this way by 10 per cent, so this innovative driving concept can make an active contribution to climate protection.

较小的滚动阻力意味着较低的燃油消耗量，从而减少二氧化碳排放量。测试表明，通过这种方式油耗可以降低10%，因此这种创新的驾驶理念可以为气候保护做出积极贡献。 

Fertilising more accurately with manure

更精确地施肥 

Fertilising farmland with manure is often the subject of critical public debate. There’s no doubt that slurry is a valuable organic fertiliser that needs to be used correctly. However, this only works if the farmer is able to determine the nutrient demand of the crop as well as the nutrient content of the manure.

给农田施肥常常是公众争论的焦点。毫无疑问，泥浆是一种有价值的有机肥料，需要正确使用。然而，只有当农民能够确定作物的养分需求以及肥料的养分含量时，这种方法才有效。 

Today, both can be measured accurately by taking soil and plant samples. The results allow farmers to create application maps, which make site-specific fertiliser applications possible.

如今，通过采集土壤和植物样本，两者都可以精确测量。研究结果使农民能够绘制施肥图，从而使特定地点的施肥成为可能。 

With the John Deere HarvestLab sensor, the precise nutrient content of the manure can be accurately measured. The sensor’s NIR technology identifies the exact amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, even when the values vary. Controlled in real time by these active measurements and the application map recommendations, the tractor and slurry tanker are able to adjust the application rate automatically. This ensures the exact amount of organic fertiliser is applied according to the specific needs of the crop.

有了约翰迪尔收获实验室传感器，肥料的精确营养含量可以精确测量。传感器的NIR(近红外)技术能识别氮、磷和钾的确切数量，即使这些数值不同。通过主动测量和应用图建议的实时控制，拖拉机和泥浆罐车能够自动调整应用率。这确保了有机肥料的使用数量是根据作物的具体需要精确确定的。 

Over- and under-fertilisation is prevented, which avoids both air and water pollution, and the use of mineral fertilisers can be significantly reduced. Ultimately the environment will also benefit, since the production of fertilisers uses a lot of energy and generates a lot of CO2.

防止施肥过度和不足，避免空气和水污染，并可显著减少矿物肥料的使用。最终，环境也会受益，因为化肥的生产会消耗大量的能源，产生大量的二氧化碳。 

Targeted crop protection

植保靶向技术 

Overlaps and overdoses of agrochemicals should also be avoided. Technologically, these problems can be solved by accurate GPS-controlled driving solutions. At the same time, there is a growing trend towards the use of site-specific or even individual plant treatments instead of uniformly spraying complete fields.

还应避免农药的重叠和过量使用。从技术上讲，这些问题可以通过精确的GPS控制驾驶解决。同时，越来越多的趋势是使用特定地点甚至个别植物处理，而不是均匀地喷洒整个田地。 

Site-specific applications divide fields into zones that can be treated differently. Drones or satellite images, for example, can measure crop density and related disease pressure, so the necessary fungicides can be applied. Again based on application maps, sections of the field are only treated where necessary. This approach can provide massive cost savings, depending on crop and field variations.

特定地点的应用将农田划分为可以进行不同处理的区块。例如，无人机或卫星图像可以测量作物密度和相关疾病压力，因此可以使用必要的杀菌剂。同样基于应用地图，仅在必要区域进行处理。根据作物和田地的不同，这种方法可以节省大量的成本。 

High-speed cameras and artificial intelligence help to capture crop populations, and can identify weeds and apply a herbicide at specific locations across the field. The advanced step is distinguish between weeds and the growing crop. Again, only the individual weeds are treated, while the crop is not affected.

高速摄像机和人工智能有助于捕捉作物种群，并能识别杂草和在整个田地的特定位置施用除草剂。先进的步骤是区分杂草和正在生长的作物。同样，只处理个别杂草，而作物不受影响。 

Mechanical weed control also benefits from the use of high-speed camera technology. For organic farms in particular, this technology offers a real efficiency advantage. Even conventional farms can benefit by combining chemical and mechanical measures, and therefore significantly reduce the cost and environmental burden of herbicide use.

机械除草也得益于高速摄像技术的使用。特别是对于有机农场，这种技术提供了真正的效率优势。即使是常规农场也可以通过化学和机械措施的结合而受益，从而大大降低除草剂使用的成本和带来的环境负担。