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　　Have you ever heard of unmanned farms? 【1】

随着我国初步工业化目标达成，城市化水平高达65.6%，更多人进入工商业谋发展。由此带来农业劳动力成本呈数10倍提高，传统农业业态受到前所未有之挑战。大量珍贵的土地被撂荒，小农生产难以为继；为了端牢中国人自己的饭碗，近些年来我国探索家庭农场模式，找到到了初步答案：适度规模化经营（家庭农场）+无人农场。前者笔者已有论述，本文聚焦无人农场，与关注此话题者共飨。

With the achievement of China's initial industrialization goal, the urbanization level is as high as 65.6%, and more people enter the industry and commerce for development. As a result, the agricultural labor cost was increased by 10 times, and the traditional agricultural business forms were faced with unprecedented challenges. A large number of precious land was abandoned, making small-scale production unsustainable. In order to secure the Chinese jobs, China has explored the family farm model and found a preliminary answer: moderatescale operation (family farm) + unmanned farm. The former author has discussed, this paper focuses on unmanned farm, and focus about this topic.

1、无人农场是现代农业的标志，是未来智慧农业的发展方向。为我国农业转型升级，提升国际市场竞争力提供了一条有效的路径。无人农场具有耕种管收生产环节全覆盖，机库田间转移作业全自动、自动避障异况停车保安全、作物生产过程实时全监控、智能决策精准作业全无人等五大特点，能把作业人员从繁重的驾驶操作中解放出来，大大提高作业效率，其发展优势表现在：

1. Unmanned farm is the symbol of modern agriculture and the development direction of smart agriculture in the future. It provides an effective way for China's agricultural transformation and upgrading and enhance the competitiveness of the international market. No farm with full coverage of farming tube production link, hangar field transfer operation automatic, automatic obstacle avoidance different condition parking safety, crop production process real-time monitoring, intelligent decision-making accurate operation all unmanned five characteristics, can liberate the workers from heavydriving operation, greatly improve the operation efficiency, its development advantages in:

1.1、生产效率高、质量高
通过机器换人，传统劳动力变为了高度智能化的机器人，无人农场管理系统摒弃了传统农业纯经验式的耕作模式，使农业劳动力要素彻底改观。特别是农业机器人具有不知疲倦、反应快速、精准作业的先天性优势，支持标准化生产的特点。适合进行高强度的具有工业化特点的农业生产。

1.1 High production efficiency and high quality Through the replacement of machines, the traditional labor force has changed into a highly intelligent robot, and the unmanned farm management system has abandoned the traditional agricultural pure empirical farming mode, completely changing the elements of agricultural labor force. In particular, agricultural robots have the congenital advantages of tireless, rapid response and accurate operation, and support the characteristics of standardized production. Suitable for high-intensity agricultural production withindustrial characteristics.
低强度、重复劳动要求为机器人让路。机器人是无人农场劳作的主体，人不再从事农业，或者直接从事农业生产管理的时间大大缩短，只需发现和纠正存在的问题，工作强度大大降低。另一方面，农业机器人效率高、质量高，还能有效避免化肥、农药等化学物品对人体的危害。

requirement makes way for the robot. Robots are the main body of unmanned farm work. People are no longer engaged in agriculture, or directly engaged in agricultural production and management time is greatly shortened, which only needs to find and correct the existing problems, and the work intensity is greatly reduced. On the other hand, agricultural robots have high efficiency and high quality, and can also effectively avoid the harm of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals to the human body.
1.2、作物抗风险能力高
农业高风险、低利润的产业特性较为突出。而无人农场利用信息技术可以更好地调控农作物生长环境，使其更好地满足作物生长需求，从而提高农作物的产量和品质，有利于实现农作物的高产稳产，抗风险能力的提高有助于更好地吸引社会资本进入。这种高科技的智能种田模式改变了当地农民仅凭个人经验、看天种田的传统农耕方式，同时可以精准制订生产计划、预防自然灾害和病虫灾害。

1.2. High crop risk resistance, high agricultural risk and low profit industry characteristics are more prominent. Unmanned farms can use information technology to better regulate the growth environment of crops, so that they can better meet the growth needs of crops, so as to improve the yield and quality of crops, which is conducive to achieving high and stable yield of crops, and the improvement of risk resistance ability is conducive to better attract social capital. This high-tech intelligent farming model has changed the traditional farming method of local farmers onlyrelying on their personal experience and farming, and can accurately formulate production plans and prevent natural disasters and disease and insect disasters.
1.3、“慧种田”替代“会种田”
无人农场的自动化机械将促进高分辨率精准农业的发展，不同的农田、甚至可能是某一株作物都能得到区别对待，同时优化农田耕种投入并有可能将成本大大降低。如通过无人机红外线遥感监测可以快速诊断出病虫害；通过物联网技术，可以提高食品的可追溯性，促进食品安全。

1.3 The automatic machinery of "intelligent farming" instead of "intelligent farming" unmanned farm will promote the development of high-resolution precision agriculture, different farmland, and perhaps even a certain crop can be treated differently, while the optimization of farmland cultivation input and may greatly reduce the cost. For example, diseases and diseases can be diagnosed quickly. Through Internet of Things technology, food traceability and food safety can be improved.
建设无人农场是缓解农村劳动力短缺、推进现代农业建设的一个重要途径。近年来，国家出台多项农业相关政策及规划，支持无人农场的技术研发、推广应用，全面提升无人化数字技术在农产品生产的应用水平，不断加快推进农业现代化。2020年10月，中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第五次全体会议《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》，提出“通过农业大数据与人工智能等技术，创新发展农业智能装备，提高涉农人员运用信息与知识水平和管理决策能力，核心解决卡脖子与短板技术、农村劳力短缺、人工成本高的问题，确保农业安全自主可控。”2021年2月，中共中央国务院发布《关于全面推进乡村振兴加快农业农村现代化的意见》，提出“建立农业农村大数据体系，推动新一代信息技术与农业生产经营深度融合。”2021年3月，农业农村部办公厅发布了《关于申报2021年度全国农业农村信息化示范基地的通知》，指出“重点支持示范基地发展，鼓励示范基地率先承担农业农村改革试点示范任务，为加快推进农业现代化奠定基础。”

The construction of unmanned farm is an important way to alleviate the shortage of rural labor force and promote the construction of modern agriculture. In recent years, the state has issued a number of agriculture-related policies and plans to support the technology research and development, promotion and application of unmanned farms, comprehensively improve the application level of unmanned digital technology in agricultural production, and constantly accelerate agricultural modernization. In October 2020, the 19th session of the central committee of the fifthplenary meeting of the central committee of the communist party of China about the national economic and social development and 235 years vision proposal ", put forward" through agricultural big data and artificial intelligence technology, innovation and development of agricultural intelligent equipment, improve agricultural personnel using information and knowledge and management decision-making ability, core solveneck and short technology, rural labor shortage, high cost of labor, to ensure agricultural safety autonomous control."In February 2021, the CPC Central Committee and The State Council issued the Opinions on Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization, which proposed to" establish a big data system for agricultureand rural areas and promote the deep integration of new-generation information technology with agricultural production and operation."In March 2021, the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the Notice on the Application for the 2021 National Agricultural and Rural Informatization Demonstration Base, pointing out that" focus on supporting the development of demonstration bases, encourage demonstration bases to take the lead in undertaking the pilot demonstration tasks ofagricultural and rural reform, and lay a foundation for accelerating agricultural modernization.”

“十四五”是实现农业农村现代化的关键时期，为发展无人农场提供了巨大的发展空间，在全力推进农业农村的现代化进程中，结合无人农场的实际应用推广，瞄准农业农村现代化的主攻方向，提高劳动生产率、资源利用率和单位土地产出率，以实现农业劳动力的彻底解放。无人农场代表着最先进农业生产力，是未来农业的发展方向，必将引领数字农业、精准农业、智慧农业等现代农业方式的发展。

the practical application of unmanned farm, aimed at the main direction of agricultural rural modernization, improve labor productivity, resource utilization and unit land productivity, in order to realize the complete liberation of agricultural labor force. Unmanned farm represents the most advanced agricultural productivity, is the future development direction of agriculture, and will certainly lead the development of modern agricultural methods such as digital agriculture, precision agriculture and intelligent agriculture.

2、我国无人农场的发展现状

近年来，在政府的大力支持下，中国无人农场快速发展。无人化农机应用逐渐兴起，截止到2018年7月，全国21个省市开展了8种主要农产品大数据的试点，围绕设施温室智能化、无人化管理的需求，自主研制出了一批设施农业作物环境信息传感器、多回路智能控制器、节水灌溉控制器、水肥一体化等技术产品，对提高我国温室智能化、无人化管理发挥了重要作用。

2. Development status of unmanned farms in China In recent years, with the strong support of the government, unmanned farms in China have developed rapidly. Unmanned agricultural machinery application gradually rise, as of July 2018,21 provinces and cities across the country has carried out eight kinds of major agricultural data pilot, around the facilities of intelligent greenhouse, unmanned management demand, independently developed a batch of facilities agricultural crop environmental information sensor, circuit intelligent controller, watersaving irrigation controller, cucumber in integration technology products, to improve our country greenhouse intelligent, unmanned management has played an important role.-

2022年，我国农业机械化率达到了74%，进入后农业机械化新阶段。农业装备智能化水平越来越高，为无人农场发展提供了强大而完善的装备与科技支撑。2021年，我国及时布局17个无人农场试验研究课题，取得了大量的可复制的试验数据。随着数字农业试点建设项目的开展，我国农业逐渐形成耕、种、管、收全程数字化生产管理模式，应用农机自动驾驶装备和无人化农机取得了显著效果。

strong and perfect equipment and scientific and technological support for the development of unmanned farms. In 2021, China has laid out 17 unmanned farm experiments and research topics in time, and obtained a large number of replicable test data. With the development of digital agriculture pilot construction projects, China's agriculture has gradually formed the digital production management mode of tillage, planting, management and harvesting, and the application of automatic driving equipment and unmanned agricultural machinery has achievedremarkable results.

我国无人化农机创新产品方面，“东方红”、“欧豹”无人驾驶拖拉机、“谷神”无人驾驶联合收割机已成功应用，还实现了收割机与运粮车的自主导航无人驾驶；“丰疆”高速无人驾驶插秧机实现了水田原地掉头对行、秧盘自动提升等功能，已在多地投入水稻插秧生产实践。部分地区的棉花种植全部使用卫星导航自动驾驶技术，在夜间或能见度较差的天气作业也可做到准确对行，整个作业季每台机具较手动驾驶平均多播种1000亩。与人工驾驶播种10行的地块相比较，采用自动驾驶可播种11行，土地利用率可提高0.5%—2.5%，棉花精准施肥能够节肥15%、单产增加5%左右。

high-speed unmanned rice transplanter has realized the functions of turning in place and automatic improvement of rice plate, and has been put into the production practice of rice transplanting in many places. In some areas, the cotton planting all uses satellite navigation automatic driving technology, which can be done accurately at night or in the weather with poor visibility. During the whole operation season, each machine sows 1000 mu more than that of manual driving. Compared with the plots sowing 10 lines by manual driving, 11 lines can be sown by automatic driving, the landutilization rate can be increased by 0.5% -2.5%, and cotton precision fertilization can save fertilizer by 15% and increase the yield per unit area by about 5%.
经过10多年努力奋斗，我国无人化农业装备进入”丰产收获期“，奠定了雄厚的基础。但与发达国家相比较，由于起步较晚，大部分装备技术还处于探索阶段，技术成熟度和经济性仍有许多欠缺，距离实现完全的无人化农业还需要经历一个长期演进过程。目前，制约我国无人农场发展的短板技术有三项：

hard work, China's unmanned agricultural equipment has entered the "high harvest period", laying a solid foundation. However, compared with developed countries, due to the late start, most of the equipment technology is still in the exploratory stage, and there are still many deficiencies in technology maturity and economy, so it still needs to go through a long evolution process to achieve complete unmanned agriculture. At present, there are three weak board technologies that restrict the development of unmanned farms in China:

一是农业专用传感器落后，我国目前自主研发农业传感器数量不到世界的10%，且稳定性差；

二是动植物模型与智能决策准确度低，很多情况是时序控制而不是按需决策控制；

三是缺乏智能化精准作业装备，作业质量差。在应用推广上，大多数项目停留在信息的简单传输与显示，展示成分大于实际效果，与农业融合深度不够，缺乏解决农业实际问题的效果。

backward, the number of independent research and development of agricultural sensors is less than 10% of the world, and the stability is poor;

 Second, the accuracy of animal and plant model and intelligent decision is low, in many cases are timing control rather than on-demand decision control;

Third, the lack of intelligent and accurate operation equipment, poor operation quality. In terms of application and promotion, most of the projects stay in the simple transmission and display of information, the display components are greater than the actual effect,the depth of integration with agriculture is not enough, and the effect of solving practical problems in agriculture is lacking.

3、我国无人农场发展模式及展望

经过近些年的试验研究，我国形成五大类型无人农场模式。随着高度集成化、智能化的农业装备加快普及，一些技术产品应用成本逐渐下降，使无人化农业技术在农业生产中应用成为可能，未来农场“机器换人”将是必然，应用领域也将逐渐扩大，如无人大田、无人果园、无人温室、无人牧场、无人渔场等领域，田地监控、喷洒农药、施肥、收割等一系列农务活动都可以实现在无人的环境下精准、高效作业，从而解决水田植保、育苗嫁接、病死畜禽处理等作业环境差、劳动强度大、精准度要求高、安全风险防范难的有关问题。无人农场五大模式：

3. Development model and prospect of unmanned farms in China

After recent years of experimental research, five types of unmanned farms have been formed in China. With the accelerated popularization of highly integrated and intelligent agricultural equipment, The application cost of some technology products is gradually falling, Enabling the application of unmanned agricultural techniques in agricultural production, The future of the farm "machine replacement" will be inevitable, The application field will also gradually expand, Such as unmanned fields, unmanned orchards, unmanned greenhouses,unmanned pastures, unmanned fishing grounds and other fields, A series of agricultural activities such as field monitoring, pesticide spraying, fertilization and harvesting can achieve accurate and efficient operation in an unmanned environment, So as to solve the related problems of poor working environment, high labor intensity, high precision requirements and difficult safety risk prevention in paddy field plant protection,seedling grafting, and treatment of sick and dead livestock and poultry. Five modes of unmanned farms:

3.1.无人大田

无人大田是最早的无人农场类型。目前我国农机自动导航驾驶系统已经在大田种植中开始规模化推广应用，随着应用技术的成熟、决策模型精度的提高，未来几年我国大田种植在装备质量、机具种类、智能化水平上发展升级趋势将会加快。

3.1. No one is left out in the fields

Unmanned field is the earliest type of unmanned farm. At present, China's agricultural machinery automatic navigation driving system has begun to be promoted and applied in field planting. With the maturity of application technology and the improvement of decision model accuracy, the development and upgrading trend of field planting in equipment quality, equipment type and intelligence level will be accelerated in the next few years.

3.2.无人果园

无人果园走上引进与创新提高相结合的路子，通过引进并创新了网室保护性栽培、欧洲脱毒苗木、矮砧宽行密植栽培、全程机械化管理、农业物联网等先进技术，实现了果园标准化生产技术的集成应用与示范推广。未来无人果园需进一步技术集成与创新，研发地面传感器、高分辨率航天、航空影像多维度感知，采集数据的实时回传，达到及时、全面了解果园生产状况；开展果业生产、储运、销售数字化研究，制定各环节数字化标准，实现果业产业全链条数字化呈现；通过云服务、边缘计算设备、智能作业前端装备实现云边端一体化的农业智能作业新模式。

3.2. Unmanned orchard

Unmanned orchard embarked on the way of combining introduction and innovation improvement, through the introduction and innovation of advanced technologies such as network room protective cultivation, European virus-free seedlings, short anvil wide line dense planting cultivation, full mechanization management, agricultural Internet of things and so on, realizing the integrated application and demonstration of orchard standardized production technology. In the future, unmanned orchards need further technology integration and innovation,develop ground sensors, high-resolution aerospace and aerial image perception, real-time transmission of data collection, so as to achieve timely and comprehensive understanding of orchard production status; conduct digital research of fruit production, storage and transportation, and sales, formulate digital standards of each link, realize the digital presentation of the whole chain of fruit industry; realize the new intelligent agricultural operation mode of cloud edge-end integration through cloud service, edge computingequipment and intelligent operation front-end equipment.

3.2无人温室

无人温室，是集数字化、智能化于一体的无人温室大棚种植，是无人农场技术在设施农业应用的产物。目前我国以无土栽培、立体种植、自动化管理为特征的植物工厂研发和产品水平较为先进，已具备自主知识产权的成套技术设备，但我国设施农业机械化率不足50%。因而，在十四五期间，我国无人温室需进一步提升设施栽培生产技术的自动化、智能化、机械化水平，从环境调控自动化、生产过程无人化、分级包装智能化等重点方面入手，发展具有自主知识产权的设施农业机器人。

3.3、Unmanned greenhouse

Unmanned greenhouse is a collection of digital and intelligent unmanned greenhouse planting, is the product of unmanned farm technology in facility agriculture. At present, China's plant factory research and development and product level characterized by soilless cultivation, three-dimensional planting and automatic management are relatively advanced, with complete sets of technical equipment with independent intellectual property rights, but the mechanization rate of facility agriculture in China is less than 50%. Therefore, during the 14th Five-year Planperiod, China's unmanned greenhouse needs to further improve the automation, intelligence and mechanization level of facility cultivation and production technology, and develop the facility agricultural robot with independent intellectual property rights from the key aspects of environmental regulation automation, unmanned production process and intelligent hierarchical packaging.
3.4.无人牧场
无人牧场是指畜禽育种、繁育、饲养和疾病防疫等环节以及产后运输、处理等全过程的无人化精细养殖模式。牧场无人化精细养殖，降低了畜禽死亡率，提升了畜、禽质量，实现了畜、禽养殖场的机器代人目的。无人牧场是未来牧场发展的大趋势，未来将推进畜禽圈舍通风温控、空气过滤、环境感知等设备智能化改造，集成应用电子识别、精准上料、畜禽粪污处理等数字化设备，精准监测畜禽养殖投入品和产出品数量，实现畜禽养殖环境智能监控和精准饲喂。

3.4、Unmanned pasture

Unmanned pasture refers to the unmanned and fine breeding mode of livestock and poultry breeding, breeding, feeding and disease prevention, as well as the whole process of postpartum transportation and treatment. The unmanned and fine farming reduces the mortality rate of livestock and poultry, improves the quality of livestock and poultry, and realizes the purpose of machine generation in livestock and poultry farms. No ranch is the development trend of the future pasture, the future will promote livestock and poultry housing ventilation temperaturecontrol, air filtration, environmental perception equipment intelligent transformation, integrated application of electronic identification, accurate feeding, livestock and poultry waste treatment, such as digital equipment, accurate monitoring of livestock and poultry breeding inputs and production quantity, livestock and poultry breeding environment intelligent monitoring and accurate feeding.
3.5.无人渔场
无人渔场是运用现代信息技术，深入开发和利用渔业信息资源，全面提高渔业综合生产力和经营管理效率的过程，是推进渔业供给侧结构性改革，加速渔业转型升级的重要手段和有效途径。其未来发展重点，将通过构建基于物联网的水产养殖生产和管理系统，推进水体环境实时监控、饵料精准投喂、病害监测预警、循环水装备控制、网箱自动升降控制、无人机巡航等数字技术装备普及应用。

3.5. Unmanned fishing ground

Unmanned fishing ground is a process of using modern information technology to deeply develop and utilize fishery information resources, and comprehensively improve the comprehensive productivity and operation and management efficiency. It is an important means and effective way to promote the structural reform of the supply side of fishery and accelerate the transformation and upgrading of fishery. Its future development focus will be through the construction of aquaculture production and management system based on the Internet of Things, to promote the popularization andapplication of digital technology and equipment such as real-time monitoring of water environment, accurate feeding, disease monitoring and early warning, circulating water equipment control, automatic cage lifting control, and uav cruise.